Augmented Reality for Percutaneous Renal Interventions

Optimal access to the renal collecting system or renal parenchyma guarantees a successful operation. The use of augmented reality to navigate the surgeon during endoscopic and percutaneous procedures is increasing. Marker-based iPad-assisted puncture of the renal collecting system shows more benefit for trainees with reduction of radiation exposure. 3D laser-assisted puncture of the renal collecting system using Uro Dyna-CT realised in an ex vivo model enables minimal radiation time. Electromagnetic tracking for puncture of the renal collecting system using a sensor at the tip of the ureteral catheter worked in an in vivo model of a porcine ureter and kidney. Attitude tracking for ultrasound-guided puncture of renal tumours by accelerometer reduces puncture error. Intraoperative navigation is helpful during percutaneous puncture of the collecting system and biopsy of renal tumour using various tracking techniques. Combination of different tracking techniques may further improve this interesting addition to video-assisted surgery.