Small-angle neutron scattering study of protein unfolding and refolding

Small-angle neutron scattering has been used to study protein unfolding and refolding in protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) due to perturbation in its native structure as induced by three different protein denaturating agents: urea, surfactant, and pressure. The BSA protein unfolds for urea concentrations greater than 4 M and is observed to be independent of the protein concentration. The addition of surfactant unfolds the protein by the formation of micellelike aggregates of surfactants along the unfolded polypeptide chains of the protein and depends on the ratio of surfactant to protein concentration. We make use of the dilution method to show the refolding of unfolded proteins in the presence of urea and surfactant. BSA does not show any protein unfolding up to the pressure of 450 MPa. The presence of urea and surfactant (for concentrations prior to inducing their own unfolding) has been used to examine pressure-induced unfolding of the protein at lower pressures. The protein unfolds at 200 MPa pressure in the presence of urea; however, no unfolding is observed with surfactant. The protein unfolding is shown to be reversible in all the above denaturating methods.