Brain natriuretic Peptide. Diagnostic and prognostic value in chronic heart failure

: Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) has been established as a new and reliable laboratory marker for chronic heart failure (CHF). BNP is a neurohormone secreted by the cardiac ventricles in response to volume expansion and pressure overload. It is released as N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and then Korrelaenzymatically cleaved into the NT fragment and the immunoreactive BNP. BNP promotes vasodilatation, natriuresis, diuresis, and inhibits the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system. BNP values depend on sex, age, renal function, and the assay used. BNP exhibits a high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of CHF. BNP determination improves the differential diagnosis of acute dyspnea. Normal BNP levels are found, if dyspnea is caused by pulmonary disease, pathologic BNP values are typical of a cardiac disorder. In CHF, BNP levels can be used as a reliable independent predictor of cardiac death or deterioration of cardiac functional status at follow-up. As a general screening test for CHF, BNP is of limited value due to a substantial number of false positive test results, which lead to further cardiac diagnostic testing. BNP is helpful for the assessment of the success of CHF therapy in acute cardiac decompensation and outpatients. An individually tailored CHF therapy with serial determination of BNP opens up new perspectives for a more objective and effective treatment of CHF patients.