Bone and Calcium Research Update 2015. Regulation of calcium in CKD

Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have a high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. In addition, they exhibit mineral and bone laboratory abnormalities, bone diseases and vascular calcification, which are the component of new concept "chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder". Several organs including kidney, parathyroid, bone, and intestine regulate calcium concentration in orchestration. Parathyroid hormone, phosphate, vitamin D and uremia affect the regulation in serum calcium concentration.