N-Linked Glycan Profiling of Mature Human Milk by High-Performance Microfluidic Chip Liquid Chromatography Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry

N-Linked glycans of skim human milk proteins were determined for three mothers. N-Linked glycans are linked to immune defense, cell growth, and cell−cell adhesion, but their functions in human milk are undetermined. Protein-bound N-linked glycans were released with peptidyl N-glycosidase F (PNGase F), enriched by graphitized carbon chromatography, and analyzed with Chip-TOF MS. To be defined as N-glycans, compounds were required, in all three procedural replicates, to match, within 6 ppm, against a theoretical human N-glycan library and be at least 2-fold higher in abundance in PNGase F-treated than in control samples. Fifty-two N-linked glycan compositions were identified, and 24 were confirmed via tandem mass spectra analysis. Twenty-seven compositions have been found previously in human milk, and 25 are novel compositions. By abundance, 84% of N-glycans were fucosylated and 47% were sialylated. The majority (70%) of total N-glycan abundance was composed of N-glycans found in all three milk samples.