Amazonian medicinal smokes: Chemical analysis of Burseraceae pitch (breu) oleoresin smokes and insights into their use on headache.

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance In Latin American Traditional Medicine, the use of Burseraceae oleoresins for headache relief is widespread. In the quilombola (maroon) communities of the municipality of Oriximina, Para State, Brazil, Burseraceae oleoresins are burned as incenses to treat headache; an effect attained by inhaling the smokes. Aim of the study This study was designed to investigate the scientific rationale behind the use of Burseraceae pitch oleoresin smokes on headache by identifying its chemical constituents and discussing whether they could be beneficial for headache treatment. Materials and Methods Two samples of pitch oleoresins were purchased from Amazonian public markets; one of them marketed as “breu preto” (black pitch), and the other as “breu branco” (white pitch). The smoke headspaces produced upon burning these oleoresins were collected and analysed by GC-MS. For comparative purposes, the triterpenoid fingerprints of the oleoresins’ dichloromethane extracts and profiles of the essential oils were also obtained by GC-MS — and GC-FID, in the case of the essential oils. Results A total of 32 compounds were detected in black and white pitch oleoresin smokes. All smoke headspaces of the pitch oleoresins shared the presence of volatile terpenoids (e.g., α-terpineol) and triterpenoids (e.g., α-amyrin, β-amyrin, α-amyrone, and β-amyrone). These compounds were also present in the crude resins and could potentially be responsible for anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and analgesic effects on headache. Conclusions The pharmacological data on the terpenoids detected in the Burseraceae pitch smokes strongly support their traditional use for headache, but their actual effects upon inhalation have yet to be determined.