Challenges and Controversies in Foot and Ankle Trauma.

Management of foot and ankle trauma continues to evolve and change. It is important to be informed about the latest challenges and controversies in management of these injuries, which include ankle fractures, calcaneus fractures, Lisfranc injuries, and Jones fracture. Important concepts related to ankle fracture are the changing indications for surgery, utilization of stress radiographs, the role of arthroscopy, repair of the deltoid ligament, fixation of the posterior malleolus, and diagnosis and treatment of syndesmotic injuries. Regarding calcaneus fractures, discussion revolves around defining indications for fixation, factors that influence outcomes, less invasive approaches versus traditional extensile exposures, and the nature of the constant fragment. With Lisfranc injuries, the orthopaedic surgeon should be aware of fixation methods as well as the issue of fixation versus fusion. Discussion of Jones fracture should include evaluation of indications and different fixation techniques.