Interaction Patterns for Arbitration of Movement in Cooperative Human-Machine Systems: One-Dimensional Arbitration and Beyond

Arbitration becomes necessary when two interacting actors have different goals. Movement is one of the most prominent examples for arbitration. Many situations when arbitration is necessary are repetitive problems. One way to design arbitration processes in a structured manner is to structure them as interaction patterns that considers the user’s perception of a situation. These internal target states of the user can be influenced by information exchanged between the automated system and the user through different modalities. As a one-dimensional example for this, a device for unplugging a USB stick from a computer was constructed. This device allows the human to interact with the computer via various modalities. A user interface (“pattern designer”) allows real time design of messages and parameters. Interaction patterns designed through this method can be used in other domains such as automated driving or drone flying.