Effect of a DC Electric field on the melting temperature,nucleation and ice growth rate of the TIP4P/ICE water model

Understanding the effect of electric fields on the thermal stability and phase transitions of water could have potential applications in the food industry, cryopreservation, and environmental science. In this work, we investigate the effect of a static electric field on the melting temperature (Tm), ice nucleation and ice growth rate of two phases of ice, hexagonal ice (Ih) and ferroelectric cubic ice (Icf), for the TIP4P/ICE water model. By means of direct coexistence simulations, we establish that Tm of Ice Ih is shifted toward lower values, whereas Tm of Ice Icf grows, becoming the most stable ice phase for sufficiently largevalues of the applied electric field. We also investigate ice nucleation for both ice phases under an external electric field and find that, for a given supercooling with respect to Tm, while the field slows down the nucleation rate of ice Ih significantly, it barely affects that of ice Icf, due to the enhanced ability of water molecules to orient favorably along the direction of the field in the latter phase. In terms of absolute temperature, overall ice formation is promoted by the electric field because it increases the melting point of ice Icf. Finally, we show how the electric field slows down the crystal growth of Ice Ih and increases that of Ice Icf by a factor of about two.