Neuroendocrine carcinoma in a patient with Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome

In this Case Study, the authors describe a patient with Birt–Hogg–Dube syndrome—a genetic disorder that confers increased susceptibility to renal cancer—who developed small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of prostatic or bladder origin. They outline the genetic and immunohistochemical analyses that were performed in an attempt to understand the behavior of this rare and highly malignant tumor.