A comparison of outcomes between Canada and the United States in patients recovering from hip fracture repair: secondary analysis of the FOCUS trial

Objective: To determine if adjusted mortality, walking ability or return home differed after hip fracture surgery between Canada and the USA. Design: Secondary analysis of the Functional Outcomes in Cardiovascular Patients Undergoing Surgical Hip Fracture Repair (FOCUS) trial data. Setting: Data were collected from 47 American and Canadian hospitals. Participants: Overall, 2016 subjects with a hip fracture (USA = 1222 (60.6%); Canada = 794 (39.4%)) were randomized to a liberal or restrictive transfusion strategy. Subjects were 50 years and older, with cardiovascular disease and/or risk factors and hemoglobin <100 g/L within 3 days post-surgery. The average age was 82 years and 1527(76%) subjects were females. Intervention: Demographics, health status and health services data were collected up to 60 days post-surgery and mortality to a median of 3 years post-surgery. Main outcomes: Mortality, inability to walk and return home. Results: US subjects had higher adjusted mortality than Canadians at 30 days (odds ratio = 1.78; 95% confidence interval: 1.09-2.90), 60 days (1.53; 1.02-2.29) and up to 3 years (hazard ratio = 1.25; 1.07-1.45). There were no differences in adjusted outcomes for walking ability or return home at 30 or 60 days post-surgery. Median hospital length of stay was longer (P < 0.0001) in Canada (9 days; interquartile range: 5-18 days) than the US (3 days; 2-5 days). US subjects (52.9%) were more likely than Canadians (16.8%) to be discharged to nursing homes for rehabilitation (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Adjusted survival favored Canadians post hip fracture while walking ability and return home were not different between countries. The reason(s) for mortality differences warrant further investigation.