Congener derivatives and conjugates of histamine: synthesis and tissue and receptor selectivity of the derivatives

A series of 19 congener derivatives and conjugates of histamine was synthesized and tested to determine whether the ligands would alter the conventional histamine activity in various tissues. The derivatives, which contained either branched or unbranched aliphatic groups, aromatic amide groups, or dipeptides, exhibited affinities for histamine type 1 and/or type 2 receptors that were widely different from the progenitor. The p-trifluoromethyl derivative of histamine with an intermediate chain length of four methylenes (compound 13) was the most potent lymphocytes H2 receptor agonist but was inactive on guinea pig myocardium H2 receptors. The deletion of a single methylene chain (compound 12) from this compound resulted in total loss of its H2 activity on lymphocytes and its H1 activity on aorta. Compound 12 became an exclusive H1 agonist on lymphocytes H1 receptors. The dipeptide conjugate (compound 17) and the aliphatic congener derivative (compound 18), both with four methylenes, retained some of the activity on guinea pig myocardium H2 receptors, but lost their activity on lymphocytes H2 receptors. Therefore, histamine can be modified at sites that are at a distance from the imidazole moiety, resulting in tissue selective histamine receptor agonists.