Evolution of Functional Exercise Capacity in Lung Transplant Patients With and Without Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome: A Longitudinal Case–Control Study

Abstract Introduction Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS) is a debilitating disease with limited treatment options that threatens both the quality of life and long-term survival of lung transplant (LTx) recipients. This retrospective longitudinal case–control study was performed to compare the long-term functional evolution of LTx recipients with and without BOS. Methods Twenty-four LTx recipients with BOS (BOS=Cases) and 24 without BOS (NON-BOS=Controls) were selected and individually matched according to age, gender, diagnosis and LTx characteristics. Measurements of 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), symptoms of dyspnea (BORG CR-10 scale), and comprehensive pulmonary function testing were performed before LTx and at annual follow-up assessments after LTx. Results Peak FEV 1 after LTx was similar in both groups [FEV 1 (% predicted) 101 ± 25 vs. 101 ± 31, p  = 0.96] and BOS diagnosis in cases was established 3.6 ± 2.5 years after LTx. At the final follow-up assessment (6.5 ± 3.2 years after LTx) FEV 1 (% predicted) was 86 ± 34 in NON-BOS vs. 44 ± 17 in BOS ( p p  = 0.002). Borg dyspnea scores were also significantly different between groups at the final evaluation (NON-BOS 3.3 ± 1.7 vs. BOS 5.0 ± 2.2; p  = 0.024). Conclusions We observed gradual reductions in functional exercise capacity and increasing symptoms of dyspnea in patients who developed BOS after LTx. As such, prospective studies seem warranted to explore whether rehabilitative interventions might be useful to improve symptoms and slow down deterioration of exercise capacity in these patients from the onset of BOS.