Dynamical diffraction of atomic matter waves by crystals of light

Atoms in light crystals formed by a standing light wave are a model system to study the propagation of matter waves in periodic potentials. The encountered phenomena can be described by dynamical diffraction theory which has been extensively studied for x-ray, electron, and neutron scattering from solid state crystals. In this paper we show that an atomic de Broglie wave traversing a standing light wave allows investigation of predictions of dynamical diffraction theory which were previously experimentally not accessible. We present standard diffraction efficiency characterizations for pure absorptive and pure refractive crystals. Additionally we were able to measure directly the total atomic wave field formed inside a refractive and an absorptive crystal and to confirm the predictedabsolute position of the atomic wave field with respect to the lattice planes. By superposing two standing light waves of different frequency we tailored a new kind of crystal potential where Friedel’s law about usual diffraction symmetries is maximally violated. @S1050-2947~99!02207-6# PACS number~s!: 03.75.Be, 03.75.Dg, 42.25.2p