Workshop Report: Modulation of Antitumor Immune Responses by Dietary and Microbial Metabolites

: The human microbiota maintains an enormous and diverse capacity to produce a diet-dependent metabolome that impacts both host tissue and microbial community homeostasis. Recent discoveries support a growing appreciation that microbial metabolites derived from bioactive foods are also important regulators of host immune and metabolic functions. To gain a better understanding of the current evidence for the roles of dietary and microbial metabolites in tumor immunity, the Division of Cancer Biology and the Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, cosponsored a workshop on August 31 and September 1, 2016, in Bethesda, Maryland. Workshop participants examined several lines of converging science that link nutrition, microbiology, and tumor immunology and identified key concepts and research opportunities that will accelerate our understanding of these interactions. In addition, the participants identified some of the critical gaps and research challenges that could be addressed through interdisciplinary collaborations, including future opportunities for translating new information into novel cancer prevention and treatment strategies based on targeting host immune functions that are altered by metabolite sensing pathways.