The intensity of the immune response to LPS and E. coli regulates the induction of preterm labor in Rhesus Macaques

Intrauterine infection/inflammation (IUI) is a major contributor to preterm labor (PTL). However, IUI does not invariably cause PTL. We hypothesized that quantitative and qualitative differences in immune response exist in subjects with or without PTL. To define the triggers for PTL, we developed Rhesus macaque models of IUI driven by lipopolysaccharyde (LPS) or live  E. coli . PTL did not occur in LPS challenged Rhesus macaque while  E. coli  infected animals frequently delivered preterm. Although LPS and live  E. coli  both caused immune cell infiltration,  E. coli  infected animals showed higher levels of inflammatory mediators, particularly IL6 and prostaglandins, in the chorioamnion decidua and amniotic fluid. Neutrophil infiltration in the chorion was a common feature to both LPS and  E. coli . However, neutrophilic infiltration and  IL6 and PTGS2 expression in the amnion was specifically induced by live  E. coli . RNASeq analysis of fetal membranes revealed that specific pathways involved in augmentation of inflammation including type I interferon response, chemotaxis, sumoylation and iron homeostasis were upregulated in the  E. coli group compared to the LPS group. Our data suggest that intensity of the host immune response to IUI may determine susceptibility to PTL.