Terroir of Winter Hardiness: I. Bud LT50, Water Metrics, Yield, and Berry Composition in Ontario Riesling

Grapevine winter hardiness is governed by several factors in addition to extreme weather conditions such as site-specific soil factors (texture, composition, moisture, drainage), vine water status, and yield. It was hypothesized that winter hardiness would be influenced by specific vineyard terroir-driven factors, and that zones in vineyards with low water status [leaf water potential (ψ)] would likewise be more winter hardy than vines with high water status (less negative leaf ψ). Six Riesling vineyards throughout the Niagara Region in Ontario were chosen. Data were collected at fruit set, lag phase, and veraison [soil water content (SWC), leaf ψ], at harvest (yield components, berry composition), and three times during the winter (LT50; the temperature at which 50% of buds die) in 2010-2012. Interpolation and mapping of variables was completed using kriging, and statistical analyses (linear correlation, k-means clustering, principal components analysis, multilinear regression) were performed. SWC, leaf ψ, yield components, berry composition, and LT50 were spatially clustered in each vineyard. GIS and multilinear regression revealed that leaf ψ could predict the LT50 value, with strong correlations observed between LT50 and leaf ψ values in most of the vineyard blocks in 2010-2011 (4/6 and 5/6, respectively). In the extremely dry 2012 season, leaf ψ (range across sites at veraison 0.9-1.4 MPa) was positively correlated to LT50, yield, titratable acidity, pH, and Brix and inversely to SWC and monoterpene concentration. Results suggest that there is a spatial component to winter hardiness, as with other aspects of terroir. Furthermore, this study allows a method to compare winter hardiness to other critical variables to better understand terroir-based factors of the Niagara region.