Diameter distribution of thermally evaporated indium metal islands on silicon substrates
2007
Although many groups have studied the initial growth stages of various metals, including indium, there is little
information in literature on diameter distributions of indium in relation to film thickness or annealing conditions. This
paper reports island size distributions of thermally evaporated In islands on Si (100) and Si (111) substrates for
nominal film thicknesses ranging from 5 to 50 nm. Because indium has a low melting temperature, and therefore a
high homologous temperature at room temperature, 3-dimensional islands form during deposition with no subsequent
heat treatments needed. Island diameters were calculated using commercial image analysis software in conjunction
with SEM images of the samples. It is found that there is a bimodal island diameter distribution for nominal indium
thicknesses greater than 5 nm. While the diameters of the larger islands increase exponentially with nominal
thickness, those of the smaller islands increase linearly, and therefore more slowly, with nominal thickness. For
nominal thickness of 50 nm, the average diameters of the small and large islands differ by almost an order of
magnitude. Anneal conditions were studied in an attempt to narrow diameter distributions. Samples of each nominal
thickness were annealed at temperatures ranging from 360°C to 550°C and the diameters again measured. The range
of island diameters become narrower with 360°C anneal and volume average island diameter increases by ~30-50%.
This narrowing of the distribution occurs due to smaller islands being absorbed by the larger in a process akin to
Ostwald ripening, which is facilitated by higher surface diffusivities at higher homologous temperatures.
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