Review of Hallmarks of Prostate Cancer (PCa)

Prostate cancer(PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed non-cutaneous malignancy in men. PCa is the second and third leading cause of cancer mortality for American and Canadian men, respectively. PCa is a disease of disrupted prostate cell genomes and corresponding proteins. Cancer progression starting from normal prostate epithelium to androgen- dependent and eventually hormone- refractory carcinoma is very complicated and involved multiple processes associated with up/down regulation (malfunction) of different pathways. PCa, like any other cancer, is stages from I to IV (I corresponds to low-grade benign cancer and IV is an advanced malignant tumor).To determine the PCa stages Gleason system is being used which is solely based on cancer architectural pattern 4 . In this study, the ten hallmarks of prostate cancer have been reviewed and it is important to highlight that PCas with low grade Gleason degree usually do not express all of herein presented hallmarks and there is a debate to whether consider them as cancer or not  The mechanisms and proteins involved in cancer development are complex, and multiple pathways should have disrupted. Despite the complexity, these pathways are categorized into ten hallmarks each of these represents a different type of breach in our cell’s anti-cancer mechanism