Inhibition of T-Cells by CsA (Cyclosporine A) Reduces Macrophage Accumulation to Regulate Venous Adaptive Remodeling and Increase Arteriovenous Maturation.

Objective: Arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) are the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis, but the primary success rate of AVF remains poor. Successful AVF maturation requires vascular wall thicke...