Risk Factors for Endometrial Carcinoma in Women with Postmenopausal Bleeding

Most patients with postmenopausal bleeding do not have endometrial cancer. The primary objective was to evaluate risk factors for endometrial cancer among postmenopausal women with bleeding. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Women with postmenopausal bleeding presenting to a gynecology clinic were included in the study. Data on potential risk factors for endometrial cancer or atypical hyperplasia were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the risk factors. Among 212 women studied, 24 (11.3%) women had endometrial cancer. There were 38 (17.9%) with cervical cancer and 3 (1.4%) with ovarian cancer. Women 55 or older had an odds ratio of 7.5 (95% CI 2.2 to 26.2) as compared to women below 55 years (p value = 0.002). Women with 2 or more episodes of postmenopausal bleeding had an odds ratio of 4.9 (95% CI 1.1 to 23.0) and those who had either diabetes or hypertension had an odds ratio of 3.1 (95% CI 1.3 to 7.4) of endometrial cancer as compared to those who did not. A third of patients with postmenopausal bleeding had a gynecological cancer. Age, frequency of bleeding, diabetes and hypertension, and increased endometrial thickness were independent risk factors for endometrial cancer.