Asymmetric dimethylarginine as a potential biomarker for management and follow-up of phenylketonuria

Phenylketonuria’s (PKU) treatment based on low-protein diet may affect other metabolic pathways, such as that of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of ADMA as a biomarker of adequate metabolic control and possible nutritional risk in a long-term PKU patient population. One hundred and six dietary-treated PKU patients from four hospitals in Spain were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Their lipid profile, total homocysteine, ADMA, and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentrations were analyzed and compared with a control group. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios of the proposed biomarker were calculated. PKU patients had statistically significant lower plasmatic ADMA, SDMA, and arginine concentrations as compared with the control group (p < 0.001). Significant correlations were found between ADMA, phenylalanine, and total homocysteine levels. The ADMA/creatinine ratio correlated with phenylalanine levels as metabolic control and nutritional risk in PKU patients. Its reliability as a management biomarker was studied with positive results. The ADMA/creatinine ratio might serve as an independent biomarker in the management of PKU patients, different from blood phenylalanine levels. It could be of particular usefulness to detect those who are following an unbalanced diet that could have long-term negative effects.