Understanding of size constancy in dogs: a new approach to account for novelty effects

s 81 people. To measure emotion recognition, the computer test VERT-K (Vienna Emotion Recognition Tasks) was used to identify the emotion recognition capacity of the participants before and after the twelve weeks training. Statistical analysis included explorative procedures t-tests with repeated measures to analyze the significant changes and effect size calculations. Results show that the highest changes with relevant effect sizes in the adult group concern the correct identification of anger (t (15)522.058, P5 0.028, d5 0.75), neutral facial expression (t (15)522.535, P5 0.011, d5 0.93) as well as the overall number of correctly identified facial expressions (t(15)522.340, P50.017, d50.88). In addition, a decrease in reaction times was documented. The children significantly increased their capacity regarding the recognition of neutral facial expression (t (18)522,412, P5 0.014, d5 0.80), the overall number of correctly identified expressions (t (18) 5 21.950, P5 0.034, d5 0.65) as well as the basic emotions grief (t (18) 5 21.660, P 5 0.057, d 5 0.55) and disgust (t (18) 5 21.656, P 5 0.057, d 5 0.55). Reaction time also decreased significantly. The participants identified more emotions correctly and decreased their reaction time significantly even though ‘‘only’’dog facial/emotional expression is part of the program.