Effective enhancement of electrochemical properties for LiFePO4/C cathode materials by Na and Ti co-doping

Abstract Na and Ti co-doping Li 1− x Na x Fe 1− x Ti x PO 4 /C ( x  = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05) composites were synthesized by a simple high-temperature solid-state method. The structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), charge/discharge tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). The results showed that the Na and Ti co-doped samples kept the olivine structure of LiFePO 4 , but Na and Ti co-doping can optimize the crystal microstructure, modify the particle morphology, decrease charge transfer resistance, enhance exchange current density, electrical conductivity and Li ion diffusion velocity, and thus improve the electrochemical performance of the LiFePO 4 /C. Among all the doped samples, Li 0.97 Na 0.03 Fe 0.97 Ti 0.03 PO 4 /C showed the best rate capability and cycling stability. The initial discharge capacity of Li 0.97 Na 0.03 Fe 0.97 Ti 0.03 PO 4 /C was 151.0 mAh g −1 with the capacity retention ratio of 99.3% after 100 cycles at 1 C . Especially, it still showed a high discharge capacity of over 97.3 mAh g −1 even at a high rate of 20 C .