Migration Inhibitory Factor Induces Killing of Leishmania major by Macrophages: Dependence on Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates and Endogenous TNF-α

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a product of activated T cells, anterior pituitary cells, and macrophages. MIF plays an important role in LPS-induced shock and delayed-type hypersensitivity. Furthermore, MIF exhibits a proinflammatory spectrum of action, promoting TNF-α production by macrophages, and counter-regulates glucocorticoid suppression of cytokine production. Here, we report that purified recombinant MIF activates murine macrophages to kill Leishmania major , with maximal effects at concentrations above 1 μg/ml. This MIF-mediated activation is specific, since it can be blocked completely by anti-MIF mAb. The MIF-mediated activation is dependent on TNF-α produced endogenously by macrophages, because the administration of anti-TNF-α antiserum markedly reduced the MIF effect. No MIF-mediated activation was observed in macrophages derived from TNF receptor p55 knockout mice, thus demonstrating the requirement of the smaller TNF receptor molecule for autocrine TNF-α signaling. A highly specific inhibitor of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), l- N 6 -(1-iminoethyl)lysine, dihydrochloride, also inhibited the action of MIF, suggesting an important role for iNOS in the antiparasitic properties of MIF. In line with this, no MIF-mediated activation was detected analyzing macrophages derived from iNOS-deficient mice. The effect of MIF was blocked completely by the macrophage-deactivating cytokines IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-β. Finally, the expression of MIF mRNA and protein was up-regulated in lymph nodes of mice during the first week after infection with L. major . MIF therefore represents a cytokine involved not only in the recruitment of proinflammatory cells during infection but also in the complex regulation of the antimicrobial activity of these cells.