Sliding window reduced FOV reconstruction for real-time cardiac Imaging

Abstract Background Current functional cardiovascular imaging protocols mostly rely on electrocardiogram (ECG) gating and breathholding. The resulting image quality can substantially suffer from insufficient patient cooperation or severe arrhythmia. Real-time imaging can mitigate these effects but requires highly accelerated techniques, usually relying on non-cartesian trajectories and Compressed Sensing (CS). Methods We investigate a sliding window reduced field of view (FOV) Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) technique for real-time cardiac MRI. Segmented EPI has been combined with a subtraction technique for reducing the FOV in cardiac applications to the region of the beating heart. Residual respiratory motion, potentially impairing the image quality, has been addressed by continuous update of the static image fraction, which is derived from a low-temporal resolution sliding window reconstruction. For further acceleration, the proposed technique was combined with parallel imaging. Results The sliding window reduced FOV technique was proven feasible to reconstruct images of diagnostic image quality at a temporal resolution of 36.5 ms per image. Semi-quantitative evaluation of image quality showed significant improvement over the existing rFOV method (p = 0.039). Derived functional parameters show comparable results as with the BH-CINE reference. However, a trend to a slight underestimation of the largest and smallest in-plane volumes is observed. Conclusion The proposed technique is feasible of providing real-time cardiac MRI with a temporal resolution better than 40 ms without the need of computably complex reconstruction techniques.