A modified clinicopathological tumor staging system for survival prediction of patients with penile cancer

Background The 8th American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor–node–metastasis (AJCC-TNM) staging system is based on a few retrospective single-center studies. We aimed to test the prognostic validity of the staging system and to determine whether a modified clinicopathological tumor staging system that includes lymphovascular embolization could increase the accuracy of prognostic prediction for patients with stage T2–3 penile cancer.