A Novel Uncertainty-aware Collaborative Learning Method for Remote Sensing Image Classification Under Multi-Label Noise.

In remote sensing (RS), collecting a large number of reliable training images annotated by multiple land-cover class labels for multi-label classification (MLC) is time-consuming and costly. To address this problem, the publicly available thematic products are often used for annotating RS images with zero-labeling cost. However, in this case the training set can include noisy multi-labels that distort the learning process, resulting in inaccurate predictions. This paper proposes an architect-independent Consensual Collaborative Multi-Label Learning (CCML) method to train deep classifiers under input-dependent (heteroscedastic) multi-label noise in the MLC problems. The proposed CCML identifies, ranks, and corrects noisy multi-label images through four main modules: 1) group lasso module; 2) discrepancy module; 3) flipping module; and 4) swap module. The group lasso module detects the potentially noisy labels by estimating the label uncertainty based on the aggregation of two collaborative networks. The discrepancy module ensures that the two networks learn diverse features, while obtaining the same predictions. The flipping module corrects the identified noisy labels, and the swap module exchanges the ranking information between the two networks. The experiments conducted on the multi-label RS image archive IR-BigEarthNet confirm the robustness of the proposed CCML under extreme multi-label noise rates.