Iranian Women Traveling: Exploring an Unknown Universe
2017
The current identities and positions of women in Iran are the product of
several historical events that have shaped Iranian society throughout the
centuries. Since pre-historical times, women in Iran have contributed to
form the myriad of social laws, conventions, and practices that characterize what constitutes present-day Iran. As Grishman pointed out in his
seminal book, Iran: From the Earliest Times to the Islamic Conquest,
during the Neolithic period women usually controlled tribal groups as
they were regarded as individuals more powerful and innovative than
men (Ghirshman, 1954). This was due mainly to women’s highly developed engineering skills in agricultural techniques. In tribal societies,
multiple marriages and partnerships were common for women, who were
perceived as those carrying the “strongest genes.” Further, as women were
often highly respected spiritual and religious leaders, they often played
an influential role in both private and public realms (Ghirshman, 1954).
By reviewing the history of Iran, one may see that women have long
attempted to negotiate and enhance their roles in society. After the 1979
Islamic Revolution, Iranian women have experienced decreasing levels
of freedom in the micro (family), meso (relatives and neighbors), and
macro (national and international) spheres. However, the Islamic Feminism Movement tried to rejuvenate this freedom. This branch of feminism
focuses on issues concerning men’s and women’s equality within Islamic
cultures, although Moghadam believes that these two words (Islam and
Feminism) “are subjects of controversy and disagreement” (Moghadam,
2002, p. 1135).
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