Soluble CD163 was linked to galectin-3, diabetic retinopathy and antidepressants in type 1 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: Depression has been associated with diabetic retinopathy and increased plasma levels of galectin-3, a lectin expressed in activated macrophages. Increased levels of sCD163, the soluble form of a macrophage expressed scavenger receptor involved in several inflammatory processes, have been demonstrated in the vitreous of the eye in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients with severe diabetic retinopathy. The aim was to explore whether circulating sCD163 was associated with diabetic retinopathy, depression, and/or galectin-3 in T1D patients, controlling for gender, metabolic factors, other diabetes complications, life style, and medication.DESIGN: Cross sectional.METHODS: Two hundred and eighty-seven T1D patients, men 56%, age 18-59 years, diabetes duration ≥1 year, were consecutively recruited from one specialist diabetes clinic. Depression was assessed by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-depression subscale. Blood samples, anthropometrics and blood pressure were collected, supplemented with data from electronic medical records and the Swedish National Diabetes Registry. High plasma sCD163 was defined as ≥ 0.575 mg/l (corresponding to the 80th percentile) and high plasma galectin-3 as ≥4.659 µg/l (corresponding to the 95th percentile).RESULTS: The prevalence of depression was 10%, antidepressant medication 8%, diabetic retinopathy 72%, high sCD163 20%, and high galectin-3 5%. High galectin-3 (AOR 9.7), antidepressants (AOR 3.8), diabetic retinopathy (AOR 2.4), and systolic blood pressure (per mm Hg) (AOR 1.03) were associated with high sCD163.CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to show that circulating sCD163 was independently associated with galectin-3, the use of antidepressants, and diabetic retinopathy, in patients with T1D. Depression was not associated with sCD163.