Large-scale synthesis and catalysis of oleic acid-coated Fe2O3 for co-liquefaction of coal and petroleum vacuum residues

Abstract Two kinds of well-dispersed oleic acid-coated Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using hydrothermal method as catalysts I and II in milligram- and gram-scales, respectively. According to analyses with X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, the two kinds of NPs are nearly spherical with diameters of ca. 5 and 8 nm for milligram- and gram-scale preparations, respectively. The results of co-liquefaction of coal and petroleum vacuum residue (PVR) show that catalysts I and II exhibit better activity than Fe 2 O 3 and no catalyst under the same conditions carried in a 100 mL batch reactor. Specifically, the soluble portion (SP) yield is beyond 92% over Fe 2 O 3 , catalyst I or II, whereas the one is only 85% without catalyst. The total oil yields are 82.83% and 83.67% over catalysts I and II, respectively, whereas 74.69% and 70.35% over Fe 2 O 3 and no catalyst, respectively. According to analysis with simulated distillation, diesel and gasoline yields over catalysts I and II increased compared to no catalyst.