Population-based comparison of chronic kidney disease prevalence and risk factors among adults living in the Punjab, Northern India and the USA (2013–2015)

Objectives India is witnessing a disturbing growth in non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently, a WHO STEPS survey was conducted in the state of Punjab, India to collect data from the adult population on NCD risk factors. We sought to compare the prevalence of CKD and its risk factors between this large state in northern India and the USA. Setting Samples were drawn from both locations, Punjab, India and the USA, using multistage stratified sampling designs to collect data representative of the general population. Participants Data from 2002 participants in the Punjab survey (2014–2015) and 5057 in the USA (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 2013–2014), between the ages of 18–69 years were examined. Primary and secondary outcome measures Modified Poisson regression was employed to compare prevalence between the two samples for markers of CKD and its risk factors. All analyses used sampling weights. Results The average age in the Punjab sample was significantly lower than the USA (38.3 vs 42.5 years, p Conclusions We report a strikingly high prevalence of albuminuria in Punjab, India, compared with the USA. This requires further study and may have enormous public health implications for future burden of progressive CKD, end-stage kidney disease, morbidity, mortality and specifically for elevated risk or presence of cardiovascular disease in the northern state of Punjab, India. Funding came from the National Health Mission, Punjab, India, JST and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.