Dynamic Characteristics of the Circulation and Diurnal Spatial Cycle of Outgoing Longwave Radiation in the Different Phases of the Madden–Julian Oscillation during the Formation of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone

In this work, we verified the formation of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) during the active, unfavorable, and transition phases of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), as well as the diurnal spatial variability in the estimated Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) data. The real-time multivariate index (RMM) and the composites of meteorological variables were used, along with the temporal average of the estimated OLR data. All the different patterns for the average period of SACZ showed classic behavior: well-organized and with meteorological variables in phases throughout the troposphere. However, some differences were evident in the organization of each phase of the MJO: at 200 hPa, the Bolivian High (BH) was more flattened during the active phase pattern than in the unfavorable and transition phases, being wider and with a wavier trough embedded in the western flow; at medium levels, the subtropical highs appeared more defined and with a very wide trough; the trough supported the frontal systems on the surface and, together with the subtropical highs, concentrated all the moisture in this layer. In the OLR dataset, the formation of the Coast Squall Line (CSL) occurred during SACZ events in the active phase and MJO transition, whereas in the unfavorable phase, this system was not observed.