Characterization of semiconductor device structures using contactless electromodulation

This paper reviews some recent developments in the use of the contactless, and hence nondestructive, electromodulation methods of photoreflectance and contactless electroreflectance for the room temperature characterization and qualification of semiconductor device structures. These include heterojunction bipolar transistors, pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors, depletion and enhancement mode transistors, quantum well lasers, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, multiple quantum well infrared detectors and solar cells.