Chemical shift encoding (CSE) for sensitive fluorine-19 MRI of perfluorocarbons with complex spectra.

To implement a fluorine-19 ( javax.xml.bind.JAXBElement@7a7d9978 F) chemical shift encoding (CSE) approach for the sensitive imaging of molecules with multi-resonance spectra to remove their chemical shift displacement (CSD) artifacts, and to characterize its sensitivity versus established pulse sequences. The feasibility of CSE spoiled gradient echo (GRE) and balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) was first demonstrated in a phantom study. The dependence of the sensitivity of CSE-bSSFP on several pulse sequence parameters was then established, after which the occurrence of out-of-plane excitation was assessed for 2D and 3D techniques. Next, the sensitivity (in mm javax.xml.bind.JAXBElement@4308efa3 s javax.xml.bind.JAXBElement@1331729 ) of both CSE techniques was compared to bSSFP ultrashort echo time (bSSFP-UTE) imaging and multi-chemical-shift-selective turbo spin echo (MCSS-TSE) in a second phantom study. Finally, the sensitivity of the CSE-bSSFP, bSSFP-UTE, and MCSS-TSE pulse sequences was compared in a preliminary in vivo mouse study. Both CSE approaches were successfully implemented and resulted in negligible residual CSD artifacts, while large-volume 3D acquisitions should be considered to reduce problems related to out-of-plane excitation. CSE-bSSFP was shown to have a higher sensitivity than the bSSFP-UTE and MCSS-TSE pulse sequences (15.8 ± 1.3 vs. 11.7 ± 1.0 vs. 13.3 ± 0.9 mm javax.xml.bind.JAXBElement@3fd3f13c s javax.xml.bind.JAXBElement@297309e7 , respectively, P < 0.001), whereas CSE-GRE technique had a lower sensitivity (4.8 ± 1.1 mm javax.xml.bind.JAXBElement@2d029e9d s javax.xml.bind.JAXBElement@34115e4b ). CSE javax.xml.bind.JAXBElement@146b13e4 F MR imaging enables the unambiguous visualization of compounds with complex spectra, and provides high sensitivity both in vitro and in vivo. Magn Reson Med 79:2724-2730, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.