Moxifloxacin plus rifampin as an alternative for levofloxacin plus rifampin in the treatment of a prosthetic joint infection with staphylococcus aureus

Abstract Objectives The combination of a fluoroquinolone with rifampin is one of the cornerstones in the treatment of prosthetic joint infections (PJI) caused by staphylococci. Moxifloxacin is highly active against methicillin–susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and, therefore, is an attractive agent to use. However, several studies reported a lowering in serum moxifloxacin levels when combined with rifampin. The clinical relevance remains unclear. We determined the outcome of patients with early acute PJI caused by MSSA treated with either moxifloxacin/rifampin or levofloxacin/rifampin. Methods Medical files of patients treated with moxifloxacin/rifampin (University Medical Centre Groningen) or levofloxacin/rifampin (Hospital Clinic Barcelona) were retrospectively reviewed (2005–2015). Treatment failure was defined as the need for revision surgery and/or suppressive therapy, death by infection or a relapse of infection during follow-up. Results Differences in baseline characteristics between the two cohorts were observed, but prognostic parameters for failure, as defined by the KLIC-score (Kidney failure, Liver cirrhosis, Index surgery, C–reactive protein and Cemented prosthesis), were similar in the two groups (2.9 [1.5 SD] for the moxifloxacin group vs. 2.2 [1.2 SD] for the levofloxacin group [ P  = 0.16]). With a mean follow-up of 50 months (36 SD) in the moxifloxacin group, and 67 months (50 SD) in the levofloxacin group ( P  = 0.36), treatment was successful in 89% vs. 87.5%, respectively ( P  = 0.89). None of the failures in the moxifloxacin group were due to rifampin– or moxifloxacin–resistant S. aureus strains. Conclusion Our data indicate that moxifloxacin combined with rifampin is as clinically effective as levofloxacin/rifampin for early acute PJI caused by MSSA.