Recent advances in nanomaterials-based electrochemical (bio)sensors for pesticides detection

Abstract Due to the large-scale use and high toxicity of pesticides, it is imperative to develop sensitive, selective, and convenient sensors for pesticide detection. Therefore, the electrochemical detection platform provides a promising analytical approach since it is economical, efficient, user-friendly and easy to operate. This review firstly provides a brief introduction to several main bioreceptors such as enzymes, antibodies, aptamers, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), as well as typical sensing strategies, followed by specific focus on their advanced development. The next section elaborates on the various nanomaterials for electrode modification including graphene (GR), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), metal nanoparticles (MNPs), and conducting polymers (CPs) in the form of nanoparticles, rods, or porous materials. The requirements and necessity for the advancement of novel analysis devices are also summarized, followed by prospects and challenges.