Anodized Nanotubular TiO 2 Structures Significantly Improve Titanium Implant Materials In Vitro and In Vivo

m=1 nm), are a growing international trend o!ering the opportunity to control material properties including improving electrical conductivity, optical properties, catalysis, mechanical strength and biological activity. Simultaneously, nanotechnology o!ers the ability to create biologically inspired surface properties including roughness, wettability, and topography to promote better cell functions [1-4]. Anodization of titanium (Ti) is one such technology that can be used to inexpensively create uniform TiO