Non-Microsurgical Testis Sperm Extraction

Since the advent of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), sperm retrieval procedures have become integral to the treatment of male infertility due to azoospermia. With obstructive azoospermia, sperm is harvestable from the testis using simple, nonmicrosurgical techniques. In nonobstructive azoospermia, testicular sperm can more difficult to retrieve, requiring more sophisticated techniques. Both microsurgical and nonmicrosurgical techniques have been developed for this purpose. Using evidence-based medicine, we outline current nonmicrosurgical sperm retrieval techniques.