Adding Fingers To An Engineered Zinc Finger Nuclease Can Reduce Activity

Zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) have been used to direct precise modifications to the genetic information in living cells at high efficiency. An important consideration in the design of ZFNs is the number of zinc fingers that are required for efficient and specific cleavage. We examined dimeric ZFNs composed of 1+1, 2+2, 3+3, 4+4, 5+5 and 6+6 zinc fingers, targeting 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 bp, respectively. We found that 1+1 and 2+2 fingers supported neither in vitro cleavage nor single-strand annealing in a cell-based recombination assay. An optimum of ZFN activity was observed for 3+3 and 4+4 fingers. Surprisingly, 5+5 and 6+6 showed significantly reduced activity. While the extra fingers were not found to dramatically increase toxicity, directly inhibit recombination, or perturb the ZFN target site, we demonstrate the ability of subsets of three fingers in six-finger arrays to bind independently to regions of the target site, possibly explaining the decrease in activity. These results have important implications for the design of new ZFNs, as they show that in some cases an excess of fingers may actually decrease the performance of engineered multi-finger proteins. Maximum ZFN activity will require an optimization of both DNA binding affinity and specificity.