Implicitly Modeling Frequency Control within Power Flow.

In this paper, we extend a circuit-based, current-voltage power flow formulation to include frequency deviations and implicitly model generator primary and secondary control actions as a function of their temporal dependence. This includes extending the slack bus generator model(s) to better represents its true behavior with frequency controls. These implicit models obviate the need for outer iteration loops and improve the robustness of the simulation convergence when frequency deviations are considered. The simulation framework is highly scalable and is demonstrated on 85k+ bus systems.