3D printing and osteogenesis of loofah-like hydroxyapatite bone scaffolds

Abstract Repair of metabolic function in large bone defect remains a critical challenge, which largely depends on the osteogenic property of bone scaffold. Furthermore, microporous structure is one of the most critical factors that influence the osteogenic performance of bone scaffold. Therefore, it is an effective method to explore porous structures aiming at promoting osteogenesis. In this work, hydroxyapatite, the most abundant inorganic substance in bone tissue, was considered the research material. Furthermore, a natural loofah with high porosity and connectivity was selected as the bionic structure to reconstruct a porous bone scaffold based on 3D printing. Four types of loofah-like bone scaffolds were reconstructed and fabricated, and they all have an appropriate pore size and complex internal structure with a desirable porosity. According to the osteogenic ability analyses of micro-CT and histological morphometric, the BV/TV data of Type Ⅱ could reach 33%. The bone formation was found in pores and deep, rugged surfaces of scaffolds. The bionic bone scaffolds can promote in vivo osteogenesis, confirming the utility of our designed bionic scaffolds for bone regeneration.