Limitations for Extraterrestrial Colonisation and Civilisation Built and the Potential for Human Enhancements

Human beings are poorly adapted to live and work in space for long periods of time. This situation poses as yet insurmountable challenges for deep space travel and the colonisation of other worlds including those in our solar systems such as the Moon or Mars. Research road maps have been built by multi-disciplinary teams working internationally to explore the development of artificial gravity and protection of the body against radiation including the potential for human enhancement by techniques such as gene editing. Terrestrial technological advances in the development of prosthetic limbs and tissue-engineered organs which may be accompanied by the production of exoskeletal structure offer further opportunities for human augmentation. Finally, progress in the generation of brain–computer interface-based communication systems in patients who are unable to communicate may offer more futuristic applications for building a society of hybrid human avatars as future colonists of New World civilisations.