Cohort Study and Bias Analysis of the Obesity Paradox Across Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract Objective In advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), patients with obesity often have better outcomes compared to patients without obesity, often called the ‘obesity paradox'. Yet, in CKD, the prevalence of inflammation increases as CKD progresses. While a potential confounder, inflammation may be left unaccounted in obesity–mortality studies. We examined the associations of body mass index (BMI) with all-cause and cause-specific mortality across CKD stages, with consideration for uncontrolled confounding due to unmeasured inflammation. Methods We investigated 2,703,512 patients with BMI data between 2004-2006. We used Cox models to examine the associations of BMI with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality, (ref: BMI 25- Results The cohort included 5% females and 14% African Americans. In adjusted analyses, the associations of BMI with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality showed a reverse J-shape, where higher BMI (>40 kg/m2) was associated with higher risk. Conversely, lower mortality risk was observed with BMI 30- 40 kg/m2 in CKD stage 4/5. Cancer mortality analyses showed an inverse relationship. Bias analysis for uncontrolled confounding suggested that independent of inflammation, the obesity paradox was present. Conclusion We observed the presence of the obesity paradox in this study. This association was consistent in advanced CKD and in our bias analysis, suggesting that inflammation may not fully explain the observed BMI-mortality associations including in patients with CKD.