Fungal Nanoparticles: A Novel Tool for a Green Biotechnology?

Bio-nanotechnology is regarded as one of the key technologies of the twenty-first century. In bio-nanotechnology, green methods or green chemistry is employed with the biological systems to fabricate nanostructures. Microorganisms have a promising role in biosynthesis of nanoparticles, especially fungi that secrete enzymes and proteins as reducing agents which can be used for synthesis of metal nanoparticles from metal salts with great potential. In recent years, various approaches have been made to maximize the yield of nanoparticles of varying shape, size, and stability. Increased surface and shape of nanoparticles are responsible for their different chemical, optical, mechanical, and magnetic properties. Use of bio-nanotechnology for synthesis of nanoparticles is a rapidly developing and emerging field. However, nanoparticle biocompatibility must be tested to access their safety before use in different fields. Prior to the clinical use, in vivo evaluation of nanoparticles should demonstrate a high degree of biocompatibility, with minimal negative effects on cell viability, immune function, and blood components. Safety of using nanoparticles in food industry, medicine, pharmaceutical, and agriculture fields should be evaluated to assure human health. The extremely small size of nanomaterials makes them more readily taken up by living tissue and possibly dangerous to humans.