Powerboat engine discharges as a nutrient source in high-use lakes. Research technical completion report

Modern internal-combustion engines burn fuels containing various nitrogen and phosphorus compounds as additives, e.g., alkyl phosphate, amine phosphate, etc. Nitrogen oxides are also formed from atmospheric gases during the combustion process. In the case of marine engines, exhaust gases and incompletely burned fuel and oil are discharged directly into the water. In-situ enclosure experiments were conducted to quantify nitrogen and phosphorus additions and the biological response from two- and four-cycle outboard engines.