Immobilization of laccases and applications for the detection and remediation of pollutants: a review

Laccases are multi-copper oxidase enzymes produced by living organisms such as bacteria, fungi and plants. Laccases are widely used by the industry because laccases are abundant and highly efficient. Laccases isolated from microbial sources are less stable and less active. To improve their kinetic properties and reusability, laccases have been immobilized on various supports. Immobilized laccases have been widely used for remediation such as the degradation of phenols and resistant dyes. Here we review the methods of immobilization of laccases, nanomaterials used for immobilization and applications for the detection and degradation of pollutants.