Remote sensing of the nocturnal boundary layer for wind energy applications.

The fine temporal and spatial resolution of Doppler lidar observations has been highly effective in the study of wind and turbulence dynamic in the nocturnal boundary layer during Lamar Low-Level Project in 2003. The High-Resolution Doppler Lidar (HRDL), designed and developed at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), measures range-resolved profiles of line-of sight (LOS) Doppler velocity and aerosol backscatter with a pulse repetition frequency of 200 Hz, velocity precision about 10 cm s-1, and a very narrow beam width. The majority of the lidar-measured wind speed and variance profiles were derived using a vertical-scan mode and the application of a vertical binning technique. The profile data were used to calculate quantities important for wind energy applications, including turbulence intensity, wind and directional shear through the layer of the turbine rotor. Profiles of all quantities show a strong variation with height. The mean wind fields, the turbulence, and turbulence intensities show a good agreement with sonic anemometer sodar high confidence (high SNR) measurements. The ability of HRDL to provide continuous information about wind and turbulence conditions at the turbine height and above the range of the tower measurements made HRDL as a powerful instrument for studies of the nighttime boundary layer features. Such information is needed as turbine rotors continue to rise higher into the boundary layer.