Challenges in Developing Successful Formulated Feed for Culture of Larval Fish and Crustaceans

Expansion and production consistency in commercial farming of aquatic species, particularly species of marine fish, are limited by the lack of successful replacement of live food with formulated feeds. Lack of progress may be due to insurmountable objectives created by the persistence of several biases about what constitutes the proper formulated feed and conditions for larval culture. Poor response to larval diets may have nothing to do with nutrient composition, but rather the result of incompatible culture conditions and unsatisfactory presentation of the diet. Recognition of the complexity of the ontogeny of nutrient physiology in larvae must be tempered with the need to strive for simplicity in formulation and manufacture. Technical success must be based upon the acceptance of compromise whereby flexibility will ensure progress.