Parking Policy Measures and Their Effects on Shopping and Work Trips

The supply and pricing of parking places and facilities in city centres have an important effect on travel demand in general and modal split and trip distribution in particular. While parking cost and some other parking-related variables are standard elements in urban travel demand models, there are important gaps in our knowledge of the ways in which different parking policy measures affect travel demand. Discrete choice models provide powerful and theoretically attractive tools for impact analysis. Nevertheless, there are problems in modelling that are partly related to supply-side and partly to demand-side information about parking. The present study is an attempt to fill some of those gaps.